Jury room by "Norman Rockwell"

A Typical Process in a Criminal Case:

CONTENTS:

Commission of the Crime
Retaining an Attorney
Pre-Arrest Investigations
Arrest
Booking
Post-Arrest Investigations
Decision to Charge
Filing the Complaint
Arraignment / First Appearance
Preliminary Hearing
Filing of the Information or Indictment
Arraignment on the Information or Indictment
Pre-Trial Conference
Trial
Sentencing
Collateral Consequences
Appeals
Parole
Expungement
Disclaimer

COMMISSION OF THE CRIME
Felony - is a crime punishable by one year or more in State Prison. Felonie cases begin in lower courts and then can be bound over to Superior Court if the judge determines that probable cause exists that the defendant being accused has committed the crime in question.

Misdemeanor - is a crime punishable by up to a year in county jail. Misdemeanors are usually handled in lower courts and never go to Superior Court.

RETAINING AN ATTORNEY
A defendant may retain an attorney at any stage of his/her case, whether it is during the investigation or the night before his/her arraignment.

A criminal defendant maintains the right to an attorney and will be appointed one (Public Defender) if they can not afford one. However, criminal defendants may be responsible for paying the costs of the Public Defender if it is later determined that they had enough money to pay for an attorney.

PRE-ARREST INVESTIGATIONS
Pre-arrest investigations are done after the defendant has been contacted by a law enforcement agency, however charges have not been filed yet and the defendant has not been arrested.

This is the best time to hire an attorney to take control and defend the case. During this stage, your attorney can attempt to do the following:

1. Prevent filing of charges.
2. Reduce charges.
3. Assist with surrender and avoid arrest.
4. Divert allegations into an informal resolution.

ARREST
Felonies - Police must have PROBABLE CAUSE to make an arrest, which may be conceptualized as a "good reason" to arrest.

Misdemeanors - Arrests can only be made for crimes that occurred while in the presence of the arresting person or with a warrant.

Miranda Warnings - Police do not have to read Miranda Warnings to everyone that is arrested. Failure to read the Miranda Warnings does not make the arrest illegal, but may provide legal grounds to suppress certain statements or confessions.

BOOKING
When a suspect is booked the following occurs:

1. The suspect is taken to the law enforcement station.
2. The suspect is asked a series of routine questions.
3. The suspect is lawfully searched with or without consent.
4. The suspect is fingerprinted and photographed.

All felony defendants and most misdemeanor defendants will be required to go to the station for booking.

Getting booking information:

1. Call the jail or prison hotline for booking information.
2. You will need the inmate¿s booking number or their date of birth and full name.
3. The jail or prison will release information on the charges, the court date, the arresting agency and the bail amount.

POST-ARREST INVESTIGATIONS
Post-arrest investigations are done after the arrest, but prior to the filing of criminal charges by the prosecutor.

It is not required that the arresting agency release the police report before the defendant goes to court. However, sometimes your attorney can talk the police into releasing the report.

DECISION TO CHARGE
The following individuals can file charges:

1. District Attorney - The District Attorney files charges against an individual if they believe there is sufficient evidence to convict the suspect.
2. City Attorney - Some cities have a City Attorney¿s office which handles most misdemeanor cases and determines if there is sufficient evidence to convict the suspect.
3. The Probation Department - In Juvenile cases, the probation department is instrumental in deciding whether or not to charge the defendant.

The following individuals can not file charges:

1. Police do not file charges; They only make recommendations to the prosecuting attorney if charges should be filed.

FILING THE COMPLAINT
The prosecuting attorney files a document with the court to show that charges are being filed.

ARRAIGNMENT / FIRST APPEARANCE
A defendant is almost never arraigned within the first 24 hours of his/her arrest.

The police are permitted to hold a suspect for up to 72 hours after the arrest. If you are arrested on the weekend, then you can be held for one more day. For example: if you are taken in on a Thursday before a holiday weekend, a client can spend up to four or five days before they see a judge.

You can call the booking information line at the jail or the arresting agency to find out your arraignment date.

At the arraignment, the defendant will be read his/her rights and the charges against him/her.

BAIL is set during the arraignment. Bail is an "insurance policy" that the defendant will appear before the court again. The amount of bail is determined by the seriousness of the offense and is ultmately up to the discretion of the Judge. Bail can be $0 if the person is released "on their own recognizance (O.R.)", but it can be increased if the Judge feels that the defendant will not appear in court again. If the person fails to appear before the court, a warrant will be issued for his/her arrest.

During the arraignment or any proceeding in front of the court, the attorney can bring a motion to reduce bail. The judge must then decide whether to reduce bail and will consider the client's risk of flight and danger to the public. In a felony case, if your attorney is asking for an O.R. release, the court will most likely set the matter over for an O.R. hearing and order an O.R. report on the defendant. This process usually takes a week.

Special appearances occur when an attorney appears in court to ask for a continuance because he/she has not yet been retained by the defendant and the attorney has not been able to prepare their defense. Special appearances can only be made at the first appearance/arraignment.

DISCOVERY is given to the defense attorney at the arraignment, Discovery includes, but is not limited to: police reports, medical records, probation reports, photographs, diagrams and viewing of physical evidence.

Discovery in criminal cases must be reciprocal, which means that the prosecution must provide the defense with the evidence they are using in the case. Neither the prosecution nor the defense may "hide" evidence and later introduce it during the trial.

PRELIMINARY HEARING
Preliminary hearings only occur in cases involving felony offenses.

In most states, a preliminary hearing is necessary for the Judge to determine whether or not there is sufficient evidence or probable cause to support the charges against a defendant and bind the case over to Superior Court for trial.

During a preliminary hearing, the District Attorney or the Judge can add additional charges and request that the defendant back into custody even if they are already out on bail.

FILING OF THE INFORMATION OR INDICTMENT
If the prosecuting attorney believes there is enough evidence, they will file a document with the Superior Court which notifies that the State is "charging" the defendant with a particular crime.

ARRAIGNMENT ON THE INFORMATION OR INDICTMENT
The defendant is taken before the Superior Court and informed of his/her charges. At that time, the defendant will answer to the charges by pleading not guilty, guilty or no contest.

At the Superior Court arraignment, the amount of bail is reviewed, which may be increased or decreased at the court's discretion.

PRE-TRIAL CONFERENCE
At the pre-trial conference, the defense attorney plea-bargains with the prosecuting attorney, a process in which the defense attorney negotiates with the prosecution in order to obtain the best possible "deal" or plea for his/her client.

A "deal" might include:

1. The prosecution charges the defendant with a lesser charge.
2. The prosecution agrees to a lesser punishment for the same charge.
3. The number of counts may be dropped.
4. Alternative sentencing.

Defense Attorneys may also file Pre-Trial Motions, which may assist in dismissing charges or changing the prosecution¿s position.

Some common motions are:

1. Motion to Suppress Evidence
2. Motion to Dismiss the Information
3. Motion for a Speedy Trial
4. Motion to Sever Counts
5. Motion to Compel Discovery

TRIAL
After a jury has been selected and the trial actually begins, both the defense attorney and the prosecuting attorney complete the following process:

1. Opening statements.
2. Direct examinations of their witnesses.
3. Cross examinations of the opposing witnesses.
4. Closing arguments.

During the deliberation of the case, the jury decides the guilt or innocence of the defendant. If the defendant is found guilty of a criminal charge, it is the responsibility of the judge to determine the sentence that will be imposed.

Upon a guilty verdict, a motion for New Trial might be filed with the court.

SENTENCING
Sentencing is a court hearing where the judge determines punishment.

A defendant may be sentenced to Probation instead of prison. However, he/she may be ordered to do some local custody time as a term of his or her probation. If a person violates his/her probation, he/she may be incarcerated.

1. Formal probation is when an individual is supervised by a probation officer.
2. Informal or summary probation is unsupervised.

If probation is not granted, there is usually a range of three prison terms in each FELONY crime: the low term, mid term, and high term. Lawyers argue about the proper term based on the facts of the particular case. The final word is within the judge¿s broad discretion.

Sentencing modifications occur when part of a person's sentence becomes inapplicable to their case. For example: Suppose a man is convicted of the crime of spousal abuse, and part of his sentence includes that he must stay away from his wife. However, if the man and the wife decide to reconcile, then it would be appropriate to ask the court to "modify" the man's sentence.

Some alternatives to jail that might be negotiated are:

1. Detox Programs
2. Electronic Home Monitoring
3. Residential Treatment Centers
4. Counseling
5. Weekend Work Programs
6. Community Service

COLLATERAL CONSEQUENCES
In addition to any sentence imposed by the court, a conviction can have a number of independent consequences. On felony cases, these consequences can include, but are not limited to:

1. Loss of the right to vote.
2. Loss of the right to possess a firearm of any kind.
3. Loss of the right to associate with known criminals.
4. Registration as a sex offender.
5. Increased penalties for future criminal convictions.
6. Registration as a narcotics offender.

APPEALS
If convicted, a defendant may file an appeal.

The purpose of an appeal is to ensure that the trial court did not make any legal errors throughout the trial process. Appeals may result in the reversal of a person's trial court conviction.

PAROLE
A conditional release from prison entitles a person receiving it to serve the remainder of his/her term outside of prison, but technically the person will still be under the Department of Corrections.

Typical conditions of parole can include:

1. Periodic meetings with parole officers.
2. Foregoing the possession of weapons and not associating with known criminals.

EXPUNGEMENT
Expungement is a process where, in some cases, a person's conviction may be removed from his/her record.

An expungement cannot be done if the person has served time in state prison.

*DISCLAIMER
The criminal process may vary slightly depending on your specific charge and jurisdiction. Please ask your attorney to thoroughly explain the process

Useful Links:

Defendants Rights

If You've Been Arrested